3 Occasions
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Occasions of sin are external circumstances--whether of things or persons--which either because of their special nature or because of the frailty common to humanity or peculiar to some individual, incite or entice one to sin.
It is important to remember that there is a wide difference between the cause and the occasion of sin. The cause of sin in the last analysis is the perverse human will and is intrinsic to the human composite. The occasion is something extrinsic and, given the freedom of the will, cannot, properly speaking, stand in causal relation to the act or vicious habit which we call sin. There can be no doubt that in general the same obligation which binds us to refrain from sin requires us to shun its occasion. Qui tenetur ad finem, tenetur ad media (he who is bound to reach a certain end is bound to employ the means to attain it).
Theologians distinguish between the proximate and the remote occasion. They are not altogether at one as to the precise value to be attributed to the terms. De Lugo defines proximate occasion (De poenit. disp. 14, n. 149) as one in which men of like calibre for the most part fall into mortal sin, or one in which experience points to the same result from the special weakness of a particular person. The remote occasion lacks these elements. All theologians are agreed that there is no obligation to avoid the remote occasions of sin both because this would, practically speaking, be impossible and because they do not involve serious danger of sin.
As to the proximate occasion, it may be of the sort that is described as necessary, that is, such as a person cannot abandon or get rid of. Whether this impossibility be physical or moral does not matter for the determination of the principles hereinafter to be laid down. Or it may be voluntary, that is within the competency of one to remove. Moralists distinguish between a proximate occasion which is continuous and one which, whilst it is unquestionably proximate, yet confronts a person only at intervals. It is certain that one who is in the presence of a proximate occasion at once voluntary and continuous is bound to remove it. A refusal on the part of a penitent to do so would make it imperative for the confessor to deny absolution. It is not always necessary for the confessor to await the actual performance of this duty before giving absolution; he may be content with a sincere promise, which is the minimum to be required. Theologians agree that one is not obliged to shun the proximate but necessary occasions. Nemo tenetur ad impossibile (no one is bound to do what is impossible). There is no question here of freely casting oneself into the danger of sin. The assumption is that stress of unavoidable circumstances has imposed this unhappy situation. All that can then be required is the employment of such means as will make the peril of sin remote. The difficulty is to determine when a proximate occasion is to be regarded as not physically (that is plain enough) but morally necessary. Much has been written by theologians in the attempt to find a rule for the measurement of this moral necessity and a formula for its expression, but not successfully. It seems to be quite clear that a proximate occasion may be deemed necessary when it cannot be given up without grave scandal or loss of good name or without notable temporal or spiritual damage.
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APA citation.Delany, J.(1911).Occasions of Sin. In The Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11196a.htm
MLA citation.Delany, Joseph.'Occasions of Sin.'The Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 11.New York: Robert Appleton Company,1911.<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11196a.htm>.
Transcription.This article was transcribed for New Advent by Tomas Hancil.
Ecclesiastical approbation.Nihil Obstat. February 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor.Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
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When I joined Experian almost four years ago I remembered struggling to understand the difference between bank account data validation and verification – weren’t they both checking that bank account numbers were correct?
I now realise there are important differences and good reasons to make the distinction. Validation is a check of bank account data (sort code and account number) using algorithmic rules, it determines if an account could exist with those details. Verification however checks against actual bank account details to check factors such as account ownership and whether an account is open.
For many, validation is a fantastic tool. It helps companies to sign up new customers and set up direct debit payments accurately by identifying error due to mis-keying or mis-hearing, problems that are easy to make where data is being entered into systems at a fast pace. There are however instances where the additional level of check that verification offers is necessary – here are my top three:
1. When setting up paperless direct debits
3 Occasions Of Sickness
The paperless direct debit scheme is fantastic for businesses and consumers alike, no more sending paperwork out to be signed and waiting for it to be returned, no more hefty postal costs and no more lost customers and late payments when forms don’t get returned. The Bacs rules for paperless direct debit do however state “Prior to the origination of any Direct Debits the service user must verify the identity of the payer and his address, and ensure that the account details provided relate to the payer.”1 The verification of the bank account data presented is the most direct route to meeting this requirement.
2. When making payments to beneficiaries
Grants, annuities, insurance claim payments and customer account refunds, with all of these types of payment it’s important to ensure that the correct beneficiary is receiving the funds. This ensures that those owed receive their money as soon as possible and it is not inadvertently sent to the wrong account. The simplest route to establishing this is to make the link between your customer and their bank account details.
3. When paying suppliers
Fake invoice fraud, as highlighted by the UK Audit Office2, occurs when invoices are submitted, or change of bank account detail letters sent, apparently from a supplier. They are in fact from a fraudster and contain the fraudster’s bank account details. If this deception is not spotted, organisations risk making payments to fraudsters rather than their legitimate suppliers. By verifying that the bank account details provided in invoices and letters belong to your suppliers you will ensure that your organisation doesn’t become a victim
1Bacs: service users’ guide and rules to the Direct Debit scheme v3.9 December 2013
2http://www.actionfraud.police.uk/fraudsters-target-organisations-by-invoice-aug12